Humans cannot breathe in space without oxygen mainly because our bodies are built to live in an environment like Earths atmosphere. On Earth, the air contains oxygen, which our lungs take in when we breathe. This oxygen goes into our blood and is carried to all the cells in our body. The cells use it in a process called Cellular Respiration to turn food into energy that keeps the brain, muscles, and organs working. If there is no oxygen, the cells cannot produce enough energy, and important organs like the brain will stop functioning very quickly.
Another reason is that space is almost completely empty. Unlike Earth, it does not have an atmosphere. Earths air is held around the planet by gravity and forms what we call the atmosphere, which contains the oxygen we breathe. This is part of the system studied in Astronomy and planetary science. In outer space, there is essentially a vacuum, meaning there are almost no gas molecules at all, so there is no oxygen available for your lungs to take in.
Breathing also depends on air pressure. On Earth, the atmosphere creates pressure that helps oxygen move from the lungs into the bloodstream. In space there is almost no pressure, which means the lungs cannot work the way they normally do. This concept is related to Atmospheric Pressure. Without enough pressure, even if a small amount of oxygen were present, your body would not be able to absorb it properly.
Because of these reasons, astronauts cannot survive in space without special equipment. Space suits and spacecraft provide oxygen and maintain pressure so the human body can function normally. Organizations like NASA design these life-support systems so astronauts can breathe and stay safe while working in space.
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