Discussion Post 2 – Diving into the Pathophysiology of the D…

The book is The fourth edition of Nutrition Therapy and Pathophysiology is authored by Marcia Nahikian-Nelms and Kathryn P. Sucher

Questions:

1. USE THE TABLE 7.2 (CHAPTER 7) WHAT IS YOUR HYDRATION RECOMMENDATION? ( PLEASE USE THE FORMULA GIVEN IN TABLE 7.2)

2. CHOOSE AN ELECTROLYTE DISCUSSED, POTASSIUM, SODIUM, OR CHLORIDE, THEN EXPLAIN THE CONNECTION THAT IT HAS TO THE DISEASE OR CONDITION. PLEASE USE A 5- year current PEER-REVIeWED JOURNAL TO SUPPORT YOUR POINT OF VIEW.

3. THEN EXPLAIN WHY H20 IS SO IMPORTANT TO ONE’S HEALTH. Again PLEASE SUPPORT YOUR POINT OF VIEW WITH A 5-year current PEER-REVIEWED JOURNAL.

REPLY 1&2 = 10 points total

Respond to 2 different classmates about either question #2 or #3

PLEASE remember to support YOUR REPLY POST with a 5- year current PEER-REVIEWED JOURNAL, for each reply

QUESTIONS:

2. CHOOSE AN ELECTROLYTE DISCUSSED, POTASSIUM, SODIUM, OR CHLORIDE, THEN EXPLAIN THE CONNECTION THAT IT HAS TO THE DISEASE OR CONDITION. PLEASE USE A PEER-REVIWED JOURNAL ( FIVE YEARS CURRENT!!!) TO SUPPORT YOUR POINT OF VIEW.

3. THEN EXPLAIN WHY H20 IS SO IMPORTANT TO ONE’S HEALTH. PLEASE SUPPORT YOUR POINT OF VIEW WITH A PEER-REVIEWED JOURNAL.

Here are the replies that you have to write to respond back to:

1.

My Hydration Recommendation:

Body Surface Area (BSA)=(height(cm)weight(kg))/3600

BSA=(162.56 cm61.24 kg)/3600 =1.66m2

1.66m21500mL= 2490 mL/day = 84 oz/day

2. Hyperkalemia is an electrolyte disorder in which the body has too much potassium and is defined as having serum potassium levels greater than 5.5 mEq/L. Hyperkalemia is typically caused by inadequate excretion of potassium, most commonly due to renal failure. Another cause is excessive use of a diuretic known as Aldosterone, which can result in too much excretion of potassium. With elevated levels of potassium, a person may experience neuromuscular effects, palpitations, chest pain, and, in some cases, fatal arrhythmias. (Nahikian-Nelms et al, 2020).

While chronic kidney disease results in a gradual rise in potassium levels, a rapid rise in potassium levels can be fatal. Cardiac arrest induced by hyperkalemia is usually fatal unless return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) takes place. A recent peer-reviewed journal discussed a case report that demonstrates the severity of hyperkalemia-induced cardiac arrest. In the case report, a 78-year-old pt experienced cardiac arrest due to severe hyperkalemia, in which her serum potassium levels were 7.0 mmol/L. However, CPR was initiated, an AED was used to shock the heart, and aggressive medical treatment was used to correct their potassium imbalance. ROSC was achieved, and the patient survived without neurological damage (Freitas et al, 2021). This case highlights how dangerous hyperkalemia can be, especially since it may present fatally, such as when a patient experiences cardiac arrest.

3. Water makes up a large portion of the body, and it is also involved in my physiological processes such as metabolism, nutrient transport, temperature regulation, and waste removal. It is important to have adequate hydration to allow our organs to function properly. When our body does not have enough water, dehydration takes place, resulting in negative effects on our metabolism, digestion, and cardiovascular function. Water is especially important to ones health to help maintain proper water and electrolyte balance in the human body. Water dissolves and transports electrolytes such as potassium, calcium, and sodium throughout the body to allow cells, nerves, and muscles to function properly (Nahikian-Nelms et al, 2020).

Water also has numerous effects on gut function, with inadequate hydration having negative effects on gut homeostasis. Inadequate water consumption can result in a person being constipated without necessarily being dehydrated. This can change the number and composition of the gut microbiota, such as decreasing immune cells Th17 within the colon(Sato et al, 2024). Therefore, adequate water intake is necessary to maintain immunological homeostasis in the gut to help defend the host against dangerous pathogens.

Citations:

Freitas, P., Duque, S., Pinto, M., Costa, M., Correia, M. J., Sousa, A., Carvalho, A., Batalha, V., & Campos, L. (2021, November 16). Cardiac Arrest by Hyperkalemia – Fast Diagnosis and Therapeutics as Predictors of Good Outcome. Science Direct. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/

Nahikian-Nelms, M., & Sucher, K. P. (2020). Nutrition therapy and pathophysiology. Cengage.

Sato, K., Hara-Chikuma, M., Yasui, M., Inoue, J., & Kim, Y.-G. (2024, January 15). Sufficient water intake maintains the gut microbiota and immune homeostasis and promotes pathogen elimination: IScience. iScience. https://www.cell.com/iscience/fulltext/S2589-0042(24)01125-8

1. 85.4 ounces.

35 mL x 85.4= 2,704.5

2. I selected sodium due to its well-established association with hypertension (high blood pressure). Sodium is essential for regulating extracellular fluid volume. Absurd sodium intake leads to water retention and increased blood volume, elevating blood pressure and placing additional strain on the cardiovascular system.

Chronic high salt intake is strongly associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, stroke, and kidney disease. A 2022 peer-reviewed review in Nutrients concluded that high sodium consumption substantially contributes to hypertension and cardiovascular mortality, while reducing sodium intake lowers blood pressure across populations (Grillo et al., 2022). The authors emphasize that sodium reduction is among the most effective public health strategies to decrease cardiovascular disease risk. These results indicate a direct relationship between electrolyte imbalance and the pathophysiology of disease.

Reference

Grillo, A., Salvi, L., Coruzzi, P., Salvi, P., & Parati, G. (2022). Sodium intake and hypertension. Nutrients, 14(9), 1970. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14091970 Links to an external site.

Water is important for nearly all physiological functions. It regulates body temperature, maintains blood volume, and facilitates the transport of nutrients and oxygen.

A 2023 peer-reviewed article in Nutrients found that chronic low water intake is associated with an increased risk of kidney dysfunction and metabolic disorders. Good hydration promotes cardiovascular stability and supports electrolyte balance, thereby preventing complications such as hypotension, heat illness, and kidney stones (Perrier et al., 2023).

Reference

Perrier, E. T., et al. (2023). Hydration and health outcomes: A review. Nutrients, 15(3), 512. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15030512