Attributable risk

Review the attached study below. Your assignment submission should be one to two paragraphs and be written in a scholarly manner with citations and references in APA. Sources of information should include required course readings and an additional citation from the literature. No title page or abstract is required.

In your submission answer the following questions. Synthesize and apply your knowledge succinctly.

1. Briefly describe the article.
2. Discuss what measures were used to quantify risk.
3. In your opinion were the methods used a good estimate of relative and attributable risk?
4. Explain the authors conclusion based upon the identified risk. Were these reasonable? Can you add to the conclusion?

RUBRIC

Assignment 8.1 Rubric

Assignment 8.1 RubricCriteriaRatingsPtsDescription of article

/ 10 pts

Description and analysis of risk measures

/ 40 pts

Description and analysis of conclusion

/ 40 pts

Writing and APA Format

/ 10 pts

This weeks content

This week content related to assignment Lesson 9.1: Attributable Risk Attributable risk is a metric that helps to pinpoint what percentage of an outcome, such as the development of a disease, is attributable to a particular risk factor in an exposed population. Attributable risk allows epidemiologists to estimate the relative impact on an outcome possible with mitigation efforts focused on certain risk factors. One aspect of attributable risk to consider is that it demonstrates causality rather than simply pointing to association. So figures of attributable risk ought to be accompanied by a rich amount of research reinforcing the causal nature of the risk factor. To calculate the attributable risk, start by presenting all the possibilities on a 2 2 table. 2 2 Table for Attributable Risk Outcome Present Outcome Absent Exposure Present a b Exposure Absent c d Derive the total number of individuals in the non-exposed group and the number of individuals in the exposed group. Then create ratios reflecting the number of individuals who experience the outcome versus the whole sub-population. Label the ratio focusing on exposed individuals as p1 and the ratio focusing on non-exposed individuals as p2. Find attributable risk by subtracting the risk for non-exposed individuals from the risk for exposed individuals. Another name for attributable risk is risk difference. Attributable Risk Formula To present attributable risk as a percentage, use the following formula: Attributable Risk and Relative Risk As relative risk has been defined as the risk among the exposed group divided by that among the unexposed group, you can substitute relative risk into the formula for attributable risk. Population Attributable Risk Attributable risk allows epidemiologists to assess risk posed to a population exposed to a risk factor, such as a pathogen. However, it is not always practical to focus in on an exposed population solely. In an outbreak situation, it is not always clear where the boundaries of an exposed population start and stop. Therefore, the epidemiologists have derived the population attributable risk (PAR), a measure that takes into account a whole population, in order to estimate the proportion of cases in a whole population attributed to the risk factor. To calculate PAR, first return to our general 2 2 table for exposure and outcomes: 2 2 Table for Population Attributable Risk Outcome Present Outcome Absent Exposure Present a b Exposure Absent c d And then return to the formula for attributable risk. To apply the attributable risk to an entire population (exposed and non-exposed), multiply the attributable risk by the total number of exposed people in the population compared to the total amount of the population.